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Preston: Centuries of Change. Retrieved 14 May 2010. Open yourself to new possibilities. Retrieved 15 August 2013. The most important quality for them is that their future partner is kind, careful and can provide his prime wife and children with a stable life. Routes were changed and the services were branded. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Preston also has a from two sites; one at Portway, in the area, and off the at. Preston has places of worship for people of a for variety of religions, including churches of many denominations. Water Thewith the dock entrance to the left The former Preston Port, known as Riversway or the Docks, has been the site of an expanding commercial and residential complex since 1988.

On 23 January 2009, Preston Bus was sold to Stagecoach for over £10. Retrieved 26 February 2011. The absolute high recorded at the weather station was 33.

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The local government district obtained in 2002, becoming England's 50th city in the 50th year of 's reign. Preston has a population of 114,300, the City of Preston district 132,000 and the Preston Built-up Area 313,322. The Preston Travel To Work Area, in 2011, had a population of 420,661 compared to 354,000 in the previous census. Preston and its surrounding area have provided evidence of ancient activity, largely in the form of a which led to a camp at. In the , Preston was a parish and township in the hundred of and was granted a Guild Merchant charter in 1179, giving it the status of a. Textiles have been produced since the mid-13th century when locally produced wool was woven in people's houses. Sir , inventor of the , was born in the town. The most rapid period of growth and development coincided with the industrialisation and expansion of. Preston was a of the , becoming a densely populated engineering centre, with large industrial plants. The town's textile sector fell into terminal decline from the mid-20th century and Preston has subsequently faced similar challenges to other towns, including deindustrialisation, economic deprivation and housing issues. Preston is the seat of , houses the main campus of the UCLan and is home to , a founder member of and the first. Main article: Early development During the period, Roman roads passed close to what is now the centre of Preston. An explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priest's Town refers to a priory set up by St Wilfrid near the Ribble's lowest ford. This idea is supported by the similarity of the on Preston's crest with that on St Wilfrid's. When first mentioned in the 1086 , Preston was already the most important town in the area of Central Lancashire between the rivers and , including and the. When assessed for tax purposes in 1218 — 19 it was the wealthiest town in the whole county. Guild Merchant 2012 Preston Guild roadside emblem The right to hold a Guild Merchant was conferred by upon the of Preston in a charter of 1179; the associated Preston Guild is a civic celebration held every 20 years and 2012 was the latest Guild year. It is the only Guild still celebrated in the UK. Before 1328, celebrations were held at irregular intervals, but at the guild of that year it was decreed that subsequent guilds should be held every 20 years. After this, there were breaks in the pattern for various reasons, but an unbroken series were held from 1542 to 1922. A full 400 year sequence was frustrated by the cancellation of the 1942 Guild due to , but the cycle resumed in 1952. The expression ' Once every Preston Guild', meaning 'very infrequently', has passed into fairly common use, especially in Lancashire. Guild week is always started by the opening of the Guild Court, which since the 16th century has traditionally been on the first Monday after the feast of the the decollation of celebrated on 29 August. As well as concerts and other exhibitions, the main events are a series of processions through the city. Numerous street parties are held in the locality. In 1952 the emphasis was on the bright new world emerging after the war. The major event, held in the city's , had every school participating, and hundreds of children, from toddlers to teenagers, demonstrated different aspects of physical education in the natural amphitheatre of the park. In 1972 participants at the Avenham Park celebrations were treated to a low level, low speed, by. Pre-Industrial Preston Plaque in Fox Street commemorating the work of in bringing to the town In the mid-12th century, Preston was in the hundred of , in the deanery of Amounderness and the archdeaconry of. The location of the city, almost exactly midway between and London, led to many decisive battles being fought here, most notably during the at the , and then the first rebellion, whose invasion of England was brought to a conclusion by the defeat of the pro-Catholic and pro-monarchial Jacobite army at the. Preston was the first of quite a few places in England where the Prince was cheered as he rode by and where he was joined by some English volunteers for his Army. From 10 to 12 December the Prince gave his retreating Army a rest in Preston on their long, last and fatal retreat from Derby through Lancaster and Carlisle to their dreadful day of destiny the following 16 April on near. Industrial Revolution The 19th century saw a transformation in Preston from a small market town to a much larger industrial one, as the innovations of the latter half of the previous century such as 's invented in Preston brought cotton mills to many northern English towns. With industrialisation came examples of both oppression and enlightenment. The town's forward-looking spirit is typified by it being the first English town outside London to be lit by gas. The Preston Gas Company was established in 1815 by, amongst others, a Catholic priest: Rev. The Preston and Wigan Railway arrived in 1838, shortly afterwards renamed the. The firm of Ltd opened a yard at Preston Dock in 1894. The more oppressive side of industrialisation was seen during the on Saturday 13 August 1842, when a group of cotton workers demonstrated against the poor conditions in the town's mills. The was read and armed troops corralled the demonstrators in front of the Corn Exchange on Lune Street. Shots were fired and four of the demonstrators were killed. A commemorative sculpture now stands on the spot although the soldiers and demonstrators represented are facing the wrong way. In 1858, the was founded, and by 1920 it had more than 13,000 members in the town. Fishergate and the Town Hall clock tower in about 1904 The Preston Temperance Society, led by pioneered the in the 19th century. Indeed, the term is believed to have been coined at one of its meetings. The website of the library has a great deal of information on Joseph Livesey and the Temperance Movement in Preston. Preston was one of only a few industrial towns in Lancashire to have a functioning corporation local council in 1835 its charter dating to 1685 , and was reformed as a by the. It became the under the. In 1974, county boroughs were abolished, and it became part of the larger part of the new non-metropolitan district, the , which also included and much of. The borough acquired city status in 2002. Preston since the early 20th century By 1901, nearly 120,000 people were living in Preston, now a booming industrial town. New industries arrived in Preston during the interwar years which helped ease the pain felt through the sharp decline of the cotton industry. Electrical goods manufacturing and engineering arrived in the town, and the building sector enjoyed a boom with nearly 3,000 being built between 1920 and 1939. Some 1,500 houses were built for private sale. For some 20 years after 1948, Preston became home to a significant number of Asian and immigrants, who mostly worked in the manufacturing industry. However, an economic decline hit the town once again in the 1970s, capped by the closure of the factory in 1979 nearly 3,000 job losses and the decline of the docks on the , which finally closed in 1981. Mass unemployment was firmly back in Preston by the early 1980s, although it was now very much a national crisis due to the. The rehousing of families from town centre slums to new council houses continued after World War II, though it slowed down to a virtual standstill after 1975. The remains of the Victorian town hall, designed by and mostly destroyed by fire in 1947, were replaced by an office block Crystal House in 1962, and a modern-architecture opened in 1972, to replace the Public Hall. The town was by-passed by Britain's very first motorway which opened in 1958 and within a decade formed part of the — giving Preston a direct motorway link with and. The late 1960s saw the completion of Ringway, a around the town centre, as well as a. On 6 April 2012 the city's residents performed the , a dramatised version of the , which was broadcast live by. Further information: The provides a southern border for the city. The forms a backdrop to Preston to the northeast while lies to the west. At , Preston is approximately 27 miles 43 km north west of , 26 miles 42 km north east of , and 15 miles 24 km east of the coastal town. The current borders came into effect on 1 April 1974, when the merged the existing with as an unparished area within the. Preston was designated as part of the new town in 1970. Climate The climate of Preston is of a temperate maritime type, with a narrow range of temperatures, similar to the rest of the British Isles. Being relatively close to the Irish sea, this is more pronounced than areas to the south and east of Preston. The official Met Office weather station is located at Moor Park, less than 1 mile 1. The absolute high recorded at the weather station was 33. In a typical year the warmest day should reach 27. In October 2011, a new record October high temperature of 26. Annual rainfall totals just under 1000 mm per year, with over 1 mm of precipitation falling on 150 days. All averages refer to the period 1971—2000. Climate data for Preston Moor Park, elevation 33 m, 1971—2000, extremes 1960—2005 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 14. The lamb on the city shield is a biblical image of Jesus Christ, and the same image that represented 7th century bishop , the city's patron saint who is historically linked to the city's establishment. Preston lies in the Roman Catholic and the Anglican. There are at least 73 churches, chapels, missions and meeting houses, as well as 15 cemeteries and burial sites, for which records exist. A wide range of denominations are, or have been, represented in the city including: Latin Rite Catholics, , , , , , , , , , and. In July 2016, in Preston, which had been gifted by the Catholic Diocese of Lancaster to the community, was raised to the status of a Cathedral by. It now serves as the seat of the Built in 1826 for the Calvinistic Methodists of , the Carey Baptist church, on Pole Street, was formerly known as St Paul's Chapel. It was purchased by the Baptists in 1855. The church survives today and remains very active in the community. From its origin it has been the parish church of Preston. The , located on Georges Road, was founded in 1723. One of the many large active Roman Catholic parish churches is , located on Garstang Road. Preston was the location of the world's first foreign mission of the commonly known as the Mormons. As early as 1837 the first to Great Britain began preaching in Preston and, in particular, other small towns situated along the River Ribble. Preston is home to the world's oldest continuous a small congregation of the. An official memorial to the church pioneers may be found in the Japanese Garden in Avenham Park. The temple is officially known as the. Preston has a significant Muslim Branch, particularly school population, the majority of which is of descent. The Muslim population is centred in the Deepdale, Riversway, Fishwick, Fulwood and Frenchwood areas. The 2001 Census recorded 72% of the population of the City of Preston as Christians, 10% as having no religion, and 8% as Muslims. The Hindu and Sikh populations are smaller at 3% and 0. Though still small in number in Preston, the maintain a large profile. Preston has places of worship for people of a wide variety of religions, including churches of many denominations. There are also places of worship for , , , the , , and , amongst others. Preston was also home to an on Avenham Place, formed in 1882, but this closed during the mid-1980s. There are also many notable buildings dotted in and around the city centre including the Miller Arcade, the Town Hall, the , the formerly Preston Parish Church, elevated to Minster church status in June 2003 , the former Corn Exchange and Public Hall, , Fishergate Baptist Church, and many beautiful Georgian buildings on. Many Catholic and Anglican parish churches are also to be found throughout the city. Modern architecture is represented by the and , which was featured on the 2012 list of sites at risk due to threats of demolition, before becoming Grade II listed. The mill itself, designed by engineer Fred Dixon of Bolton for the Tulketh Spinning Company, dates from 1905. The huge chimney has been lowered twice — in the 1930s and again in the 1960s. The Corn Exchange, entrance to the former Public Hall, Lune Street Preston is a major centre of the British defence aerospace industry with , the UK's principal military aircraft design, development and manufacture supplier, having its Military Aircraft headquarters located in nearby. The company has two of its major facilities located some miles on either side of the city. BAe Systems also operate large office facilities at the Portway area within the city and at The Strand office complex. The formerly Springfields nuclear processing plant also lies to the west of the city boundary at. The city is home to Transport's main UK spare parts distribution centre formerly. Retail Ltd was also founded in Preston under the name Matalan Cash and Carry. Although the head office of Matalan moved to in 1998, the city still has the tax office for the company located in. Fishergate, Preston's main shopping district Haulage supplier and operator James Hall and Co who supply produce for in the north of England have their head office located just off the M6 Junction 31a at Bowland View. This is the biggest building in the city of Preston. The financial sector also has a large presence in the city with a large selection of consultancies, insurance and law firms including national debt collection agency iQor Recovery Services Ltd. Goss Graphic Systems Limited, a global supplier of based in the United States, formerly employed more than 1,000 people in Preston, but in 2007 the company moved manufacturing to the United States, China and Japan and now has around 160 employees in the city. On 20 February 2006, the telecommunications company took over Tulketh Mill formerly the home of the catalogue call centre in the area of the city. The building has undergone an extensive interior refurbishment and since March 2007 has been the workplace of some 800 employees. The site's main purpose is as a for the broadband and services provider as well as business Opal Telecom. The site also houses call centres for and both of which along with are now part of. It was officially opened on 19 December 2006 by CEO and the Mayor of Preston. Due to Preston's location as a transport hub, sitting between the M6, M55, M65, and M61 it is home to several freight and haulage companies. The area in the area of the city is also home to the Preston docklands, which has undergone redevelopment. Several office areas around the docks, along with significant residential presence. Several small businesses such as the 's LFE headquarters are based in the area, together with Riversway Developments who have been responsible for some of this redevelopment. North Road approaches the city centre from the north Retail is also a major contributor to Preston's economy. Another shopping centre in Preston is the Miller Arcade, a specialist shopping centre in a listed building, which formerly included , situated next to the. Preston's main high streets are Fishergate and Friargate which offer shops, bars and restaurants with many more tucked away down the side streets. The first outlet in the UK was opened on Fishergate in 1965. An £800 million regeneration project known as the was also planned for Preston. The project was originally managed by property giants and , Grosvenor withdrew from the project, followed a few years later by Lend Lease. The project was dependent upon a number of requirements such as the re-location of the current , which would cost at least £25million, and be funded largely by the taxpayer. In November 2011, it was announced that John Lewis, who were originally intended to be the major flagship store of the Tithebarn development had also withdrawn from the project, effectively killing it. The council is now exploring more piecemeal ways of bringing in development. Since city status was awarded in the Queen's Jubilee year, Preston was targeted by a number of developers. Residential developments were particularly popular with new apartments planned in and around the city centre. Many of these developments however are still struggling to find buyers for these apartments, and there are rising numbers of repossessions. Office and hotel space is also in demand and a new Central Business District is being planned as well as a number of new hotels. Unemployment in Preston rose 15% in the year up to April 2012 to a total of 3,783 claimants. Main article: The , opened 5 December 1958, became the first stretch of motorway in the UK and is now part of the with a short section now forming part of the. It was built to ease traffic congestion caused by tourists travelling to the popular destinations of and. The first were used during its construction, replacing red lantern paraffin burners. In the 1980s, a motorway around the west of the city which would have been an extension of the to the was started but never finished. That is the reason that the M55 has no junction 2, because it was reserved for the new western bypass. The between junctions 30 and 32 was widened extensively between 1993—95 to compensate. Junction 31A which has only a northbound exit and a southbound entry opened in 1997 to serve a nearby business park. Other motorways terminating close to the city are the — Preston to via and , the — Preston to via , and and the — Preston to via. Rail Preston Railway Station opened in 1838 and has since been rebuilt and extended several times. It is a major stop on the , with long distance train services to London in the south and and , , and to the north. Preston is the hub for connecting rail services in the North West, with direct services to , , , , , , , Manchester, and. The lines to and closed to passengers in 1965 and 1930 respectively. The disused tracks of the Longridge line are extant as far as. In 2010 plans were put forward to use part of this line for a demonstration tram system. The heritage is located in. Water The , with the dock entrance to the left The former Preston Port, known as Riversway or the Docks, has been the site of an expanding commercial and residential complex since 1988. The Marina is just north of the River Ribble which enters into the east of the. This marina has its own chandlery and coffee shop, training courses and boat sales. There are multimillion-pound plans to redevelop Preston's docks as well as large sections of the River Ribble running through the city to introduce leisure facilities watersports , new landmark buildings, a new central park opposite , office and retail space, new residential developments and the re-opening of some of Preston's old canal. However, these plans, collectively known as Riverworks, have yet to undergo public consultation, and have already raised concerns amongst locals due to the potential loss of green space and increased risk of flooding. Bus Preston Bus Station There are five main bus operators serve Preston. In October 2006, Preston Bus started operating two orbital bus routes. Many services between Preston and the surrounding area were operated by which became part of the , using the name. Stagecoach provided links to , , , , Liverpool, and as well as and under the service. On 23 January 2009, Preston Bus was sold to Stagecoach for over £10. Routes were changed and the services were branded. Following a lengthy investigation which began soon after the takeover, the Competition Commission ruled on 11 November 2009 that the action by Stagecoach had adversely affected competition in the area and ordered it to sell Preston Bus. In January 2011, the Rotala Group announced they had agreed a deal to take over Preston Bus. An independent company, , that provided frequent services into the city centre for Lower Penwortham, Lostock Hall, Leyland, Euxton and Chorley, ceased trading in October 2015. Preston also has a from two sites; one at Portway, in the area, and off the at. Preston is served by national bus services. Stagecoach, , , and have a presence at — which is claimed by some residents to be the largest or second largest station in Europe. Preston was one of the first cities in the UK to have its bus network fitted with Realtime satellite based technology fitted to every bus stop which aims to provide an accurate time and destination of the next bus arriving using. Air Although not a public airport, is an active airfield west of the city and is the airfield for the. Preston has a choice of 3 airports with airline service within one hour of the city. Walking and cycling The Guild Wheel is a and cycle route, created in 2012 in celebration of the and officially opened in August of that year. Harris Building, The city is home to the. Has COVE Centre of Vocational Excellence status in Retail. Specialises in A-Level qualifications. Television is provided by , the ITV franchise holder for the North West region, , the regional BBC station for the North West region, and a local TV service for Blackpool and Preston, That's Lancashire, from studios at the Northern Lights Business Centre in the 's Media Factory building. Preston North End in 1888—89, the first Football League champions, subsequently doing '' Preston North End F. They play at Football Ground which was also the original site of the. The museum closed in 2011 in preparation for its move to due to funding issues. Preston were champions of the in its first two seasons, but have not won it since. Their last major trophy came in 1938 when they won the , and they have not played top division football since 1961. They are one of the few English league clubs to have been champions of all four tiers of the English professional league. RFC play in the , the third tier of English. Preston is also the home of Lancashire's first league. The local team, Preston Roller Girls, have been playing since 2011. Preston Hockey Club was established in 1903. The Preston Arena is used for cycle racing. The Preston Arena is frequently used by the , based in Preston. The is based in the town and has been in existence for over 70 years. The Preston team raced in the English Dirt Track League of 1929 and the Northern League of 1930 and 1931. The best known rider of the team was who went on to Test Match successes riding before the war for. After the war Joe appeared for and. There is a centre at Greenbank Street. Retrieved 6 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. The population for the unparished area is calculated by subtracting the populations of the three rural Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Preston 001 5,185 , Preston 002 6,417 and Preston 010 6,134. Retrieved 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2013. A History of the County of Lancaster. Retrieved 13 March 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Historical Directory of Trade Unions. Archived from on 11 September 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 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Retrieved on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. NESTA National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts has worked alongside the Big Lottery Fund to deliver support to 17 organisations nationwide. They include Prescap, Preston FM, Blog Preston and CSV Preston. Archived from on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2007. Retrieved on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2015. Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 11 July 2013. History of Preston: An Introduction. A History of Preston. Preston: Centuries of Change. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. The people and places of Historic Preston. The Old Lamb and Flag.